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China has become self-sufficient in most aspects of the fuel cycle. The country aims to produce one-third of its uranium domestically, obtain one-third through foreign equity in mines and joint ventures overseas, and to purchase one-third on the open market.

Rock phosphate deposits contain many million tonnes of uranium, which may be extracted as a by-product of making fertilisers. The process because uneconomic in the 1990s, but process improvements and higher U prices may change this.

There has been more than 40 years of experience in applying international radiation safety regulations at uranium mines. Uranium mining companies have taken steps to reduce radiation doses wherever and whenever they can.

Kyrgyzstan has some uranium deposits and has supplied Russia in the past. It hosts a uranium mill which treats Kazakh uranium ore on a toll basis.

Ukraine is heavily dependent on nuclear energy – it has 15 reactors generating about half of its electricity.

Ukraine is heavily dependent on nuclear energy – it has 15 reactors generating about half of its electricity.

The global effort to decarbonize energy supplies, increase energy security and sovereignty, and plans to deploy SMRs has led to significant increases in projections for future nuclear capacity.

Ukraine's state-owned nuclear energy utility Energoatom and Cameco Corporation have agreed commercial terms for a major supply contract that would see Cameco meeting Ukraine's needs for natural uranium for nuclear fuel until 2035.

US Uranium Mining and Exploration. Uranium mining in the USA today is undertaken by few companies on a relatively small scale. Uranium exploration is undertaken by many companies, often going over areas that were mined in the 1950-80s.

Molten salt reactor use molten fluoride salts as primary coolant, at low pressure. Much of the interest today in reviving the MSR concept relates to using thorium (to breed fissile uranium-233).